Clinical features and effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in children with omicron infection in a tertiary hospital during the Omicron wave in China, December 2022–January 2023 (preprint)

There are limited data about Omicron infection in children in China. Here, we evaluated the infection fatality rates, clinical features and efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in children with Omicron infection in a tertiary hospital during the first wave of SARS-CoV-2 caused by Omicron in China, December 2022-January 2023.We used the week as a statistical unit, and the positive rate of NAT was 0.03% from December 1 to December 7, the week before the Zero-COVID strategy was relaxed. Following the repeal of the Zero-COVID policy, the positive rate of NAT rose to 8.3% in the first week, peaked at 85.2% in the third week, and then steadily fell.The NAT positive rate in children peaked (90.4%) in the third week following the termination of the Zero-COVID policy.43.6% (232/532) of the 532 pediatric patients received vaccinations, with the majority (95.3%, 221/232) receiving two doses and the remainder receiving one.532 of the 641 pediatric patients who tested positive for NAT were seen in the pediatric outpatient clinic. Eventually, 51 pediatric patients were admitted to hospitals. Overall, the symptoms of infection were mild, and the rate of severe disease was low, whereas vaccination had a favorable effect on lowering the risk of severe illness in children.

Effect of Information Framing on Wearing Masks During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Interaction With Social Norms and Information Credibility

Objective The main objectives of this study were to use the effect of information framing (different expressions of the same issue, e.g., positive messages and negative messages) to explore key factors that influence the attitude of and intention of the public toward wearing masks and to understand the internal and external factors of intervention on information framing perception. Methods This study performed an online questionnaire survey to explore the influence of demographic characteristics, information framing, social norms, and information credibility on the attitude of the public toward masks and their intention to wear them. Results (1) Information framing had a significant impact on the attitudes of people toward masks and their intention to wear them, and the persuasion effect of gain-framed messages was higher than that of loss-framed messages. (2) Gender, income, occupation, educational background, and residence have no significant difference in attitude and intention to wear masks. There was a significant correlation between age and wearing of masks (p = 0.041 < 0.05). (3) Social norms affected people's perception of information framing and their attitude toward wearing masks, but only the impact of loss-framed messages on intention was significant. (4) Information framing affected people's perception of information credibility, which had a positive impact on their intention to wear masks;however, information credibility only had a significant impact on attitude toward wearing masks under the gain-framed messages and played an intermediary role. Conclusion The impact of information framing on the attitude of people toward masks and their intention to wear them varies. Individuals involved in the publicity of health information related to this issue should pay attention to the influence of information framing and content on the public wearing masks as a means of enhancing public health awareness.

Evidence-based Pharmaceutical Practice Responding for Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Epidemic / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To p rovide reference for related pharmacy work for developing evidence-based pharmacy information support to respond for novel coronavirus pneumonia （COVID-19） epidemic. METHODS ：The PubMed，CNKI and Wanfang database were consulted to obtain treatment progress of COVID-19，prohibited for use with lopinavir/ritonavir and adverse drug reactionas until February 12，2020；so were package insert and UpToDate at the same time. Those information were summarized and evaluated. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS ：Totally 14 literatures introduced chemical drugs for COVID- 19，involving 7 categories， 20 kinds of chemical drugs as antiviral drugs （interferon α/interferon α-2 β ， lopinavir/litonavir， etc.）， immunomodulatory agents （such as glucocorticoid ，gamma globulin ），antimalarial drugs （such as chloroquine phosphate ）. The existing evidence of drug treatment mainly comes from in vitro cell test or currently progressing RCT ，with low-level evidence and recommendation intensity （Oxford evidence level is level 5，recommendation intensity is level D ）. For lopinavir/ritonavir that recommended in the diagnosis and treatment recommendations for COVID- 19 published by the National Health Commission ，it is a CYP3A inhibitor ，which resulted in increased plasma concentrations of some medications such as antiarrhythmic drugs ，antitumor targeted drugs and antibacterial drugs ，and should not be used in combination with drugs such as afzosin ，ivabradine，amiodarone， etc. Its common adverse reactions mainly involved igestive system （diarrhea，taste disorders ，vomiting，etc.），respiratory system （upper respiratory tract infection ），endocrine and metabolic system （hypercholesterolemia，etc.），skin and its appendents （skin rash），which should be monitored clinically.

Stachyose increases intestinal barrier through Akkermansia muciniphila and reduces gut inflammation in germ-free mice after human fecal transplantation.

Early life is a crucial period for the development of the intestinal microbiota and is related to the body's immunity. Yet research is lacking regarding the effect of stachyose on infants gut microbiomes at this stage and the mechanism is not clear. Therefore, in this experiment, feces samples collected from infants were transplanted into germ-free mice, to explore the effect of stachyose on the intestinal microbiota and host gut barrier. We found that stachyose promoted the relative abundance of A. muciniphila in human feces; enhanced the symbiotic relationships of A. muciniphila; increased the short-chain fatty acid level, and secretory immunoglobulin A level; reduced the levels of lipopolysaccharide, IL-1, IL-17 and TNF-α through downregulated the expression of NF-κB; increased expression of tight junction proteins (occludin and ZO-1) and goblet cell through A. muciniphila. The intake of stachyose is conducive to promoting the proliferation of beneficial bacteria and enhancing the intestinal barrier in germ-free mice. This research provides a theoretical basis for the use of prebiotics to improve intestinal microbiota and barrier in humans.